AAA automotive insurance coverage vs Allstate – a no-nonsense take a look at two of the most important gamers available in the market. This deep dive delves into the nitty-gritty, evaluating all the pieces from protection to customer support. We’ll break down the important thing variations, serving to you determine which insurer is the higher match to your wants.
Each AAA and Allstate have a protracted historical past within the insurance coverage sport, however their approaches to insurance policies and customer support differ considerably. Understanding these nuances is essential for making an knowledgeable resolution, particularly contemplating the huge array of choices accessible. This evaluation goals to light up these variations, equipping you with the information to select one of the best insurer.
Introduction to AAA and Allstate Automotive Insurance coverage
Navigating the world of automotive insurance coverage can really feel like charting a course by way of a posh archipelago. Two distinguished gamers on this panorama are AAA and Allstate, every with a definite historical past, target market, and method to protection. Understanding their variations can empower you to make an knowledgeable resolution about your individual safety.
Key Variations Between AAA and Allstate
AAA and Allstate, whereas each main gamers within the insurance coverage business, cater to totally different wants and preferences. AAA, traditionally rooted in roadside help, typically emphasizes complete protection tailor-made to the wants of members of their affiliated group. Allstate, however, boasts a broader market attain, offering a greater variety of insurance policies to a various buyer base.
This distinction in method is mirrored of their respective pricing constructions and accessible add-on coverages.
Goal Viewers for Every Insurance coverage Supplier
AAA’s target market is primarily comprised of members of the American Vehicle Affiliation. These members typically search a bundled package deal of providers together with automotive insurance coverage, roadside help, and journey sources. Allstate, with its wider attain, caters to a broader phase of the inhabitants, encompassing varied demographics and driving habits. Their insurance policies typically intention to fulfill a broader vary of monetary wants and danger tolerances.
Historic Overview of Every Firm
AAA, based in 1902, emerged from the necessity for safer and extra dependable journey throughout the USA. Initially targeted on selling protected driving practices and offering roadside help, it steadily expanded its providers to incorporate automotive insurance coverage to serve the wants of its rising membership. Allstate, based in 1931, constructed its basis on offering complete insurance coverage options to a various buyer base, rising over the a long time to change into a family identify.
Their emphasis on monetary safety and wide-ranging protection choices set them aside.
Comparability of Protection Choices
Function | AAA | Allstate |
---|---|---|
Fundamental Protection | Sometimes consists of legal responsibility protection, defending you in opposition to injury to different individuals’s property and damage to others in an accident. Usually consists of a typical deductible. | Just like AAA, providing legal responsibility protection as a elementary element of their primary coverage. |
Collision Protection | Gives protection for injury to your car in an accident, no matter who’s at fault. Could have particular necessities or limitations primarily based on membership standing. | Affords complete collision protection, typically with various premiums relying on the car’s make and mannequin. |
Complete Protection | Covers injury to your car from occasions aside from collisions, reminiscent of theft, vandalism, or climate injury. Could have restrictions primarily based on the reason for injury. | Gives protection for incidents past collisions, like theft or vandalism. Sometimes features a deductible quantity. |
Extra Providers | AAA membership typically supplies roadside help, journey reductions, and different priceless advantages. | Allstate usually provides a extra various vary of add-on merchandise, like renters insurance coverage or house insurance coverage. |
Protection Comparability
Navigating the world of automotive insurance coverage can really feel like deciphering a posh code. Understanding the nuances of protection between totally different suppliers, like AAA and Allstate, is essential for making an knowledgeable resolution. This comparability delves into the specifics of legal responsibility, collision, and complete protection, shedding gentle on the essential variations and similarities. It additionally highlights the distinctive add-on choices and deductibles every firm provides, equipping you with the information to decide on the coverage that most closely fits your wants.
Legal responsibility Protection
Legal responsibility protection protects you if you happen to’re at fault in an accident. It covers damages to the opposite driver and their car. Each AAA and Allstate provide legal responsibility protection, however the specifics can differ. Some insurance policies could embody bodily damage legal responsibility, which compensates for accidents sustained by the opposite celebration, and property injury legal responsibility, protecting injury to their property.
Variations lie within the protection limits. Understanding these limits is paramount, as they outline the utmost quantity every insurer pays out in a declare. Excessive-value insurance policies can present important monetary safety.
Collision Protection
Collision protection kicks in when your car is broken in an accident, no matter who’s at fault. This important protection protects your funding, safeguarding you in opposition to substantial restore or alternative prices. Each AAA and Allstate present collision protection, however the specifics of the protection limits and deductibles differ considerably. The deductibles, the quantity you pay out-of-pocket earlier than the insurance coverage firm steps in, play a major function within the general price of the coverage.
It is clever to check deductibles and protection limits for one of the best monetary safety.
Complete Protection
Complete protection goes past accidents. It protects your car from occasions like theft, vandalism, fireplace, or hail injury. Each AAA and Allstate provide complete protection, however the scope and extent of safety differ. It is important to check the particular perils lined and the related limits and deductibles. In an period of rising restore prices, complete protection is more and more essential for safeguarding your funding.
Deductibles
Deductibles signify the quantity you pay out-of-pocket earlier than your insurance coverage kicks in. The deductibles for varied coverages differ between AAA and Allstate. A decrease deductible sometimes means a better month-to-month premium, whereas a better deductible lowers your month-to-month premium. Fastidiously weigh the trade-offs between month-to-month funds and potential out-of-pocket prices in a declare. The selection of deductible depends upon your monetary scenario and danger tolerance.
Extra Protection Choices
Past the usual protection, each corporations provide varied add-on choices. These can embody roadside help, rental automotive reimbursement, and uninsured/underinsured motorist safety. Understanding the particular options and pricing of those add-ons is significant for selecting the best protection. Think about your particular wants and driving habits when evaluating the extra protection choices.
Protection Comparability Desk
Protection Kind | AAA – Plan A | AAA – Plan B | Allstate – Plan X | Allstate – Plan Y |
---|---|---|---|---|
Legal responsibility Bodily Harm | $100,000 | $250,000 | $250,000 | $500,000 |
Legal responsibility Property Injury | $25,000 | $50,000 | $50,000 | $100,000 |
Collision Deductible | $500 | $1000 | $250 | $500 |
Complete Deductible | $250 | $500 | $250 | $500 |
This desk supplies a snapshot of protection quantities for illustrative functions. Precise protection quantities and deductibles could differ primarily based on particular person circumstances and coverage decisions.
Pricing and Worth

Navigating the world of auto insurance coverage can really feel like a maze, with totally different corporations providing seemingly contradictory packages. AAA and Allstate, two giants within the business, each intention to guard drivers, however their approaches to pricing and worth differ considerably. Understanding these variations is essential for making an knowledgeable resolution about your insurance coverage wants.The value you pay for automotive insurance coverage is not arbitrary; it is a fastidiously calculated reflection of varied elements.
Out of your driving report to your car’s make and mannequin, each element performs a job within the remaining premium. Analyzing these elements permits a clearer understanding of the worth proposition every firm provides.
Pricing Methods
AAA and Allstate make use of totally different methods to find out their premiums. AAA, typically perceived as a consumer-centric model, incessantly provides bundled providers past insurance coverage. This method can result in aggressive charges for these using these further providers. Conversely, Allstate’s broader market attain would possibly translate into economies of scale, permitting them to doubtlessly provide decrease premiums for sure drivers.
Elements Influencing Worth Variations
Quite a few elements contribute to the worth disparities between AAA and Allstate. Driving historical past, together with site visitors violations and accidents, is a major determinant. A clear report usually interprets to decrease premiums for each corporations. Nonetheless, the burden given to totally different violations would possibly differ. Moreover, the kind of car insured, its age and security options, influences the chance evaluation.
Geographic location additionally performs a job, as some areas have greater charges of accidents or claims than others. These localized elements can shift the general price.
Worth Proposition Comparability
AAA’s worth proposition typically hinges on its complete suite of providers. Members acquire entry to roadside help, journey providers, and different advantages. This bundled method can present important added worth for many who incessantly make the most of these providers. Allstate, with its wider attain and in depth community, focuses on offering broad protection choices. Their aggressive pricing and in depth protection would possibly attraction to drivers looking for complete safety with out the extra advantages of AAA membership.
Premium Value Comparability
The precise premium prices will differ drastically relying on particular person circumstances. As an instance the potential variations, contemplate these hypothetical situations:
Issue | AAA | Allstate |
---|---|---|
Driver Age (25) | $1500 | $1300 |
Driver Age (40) | $1650 | $1550 |
Car (Luxurious Automotive) | $2000 | $1800 |
Car (Compact Automotive) | $1250 | $1150 |
Claims Historical past (Clear Document) | $1400 | $1300 |
Claims Historical past (One Minor Accident) | $1600 | $1550 |
These figures are illustrative and never assured. All the time acquire customized quotes to find out essentially the most correct premium to your scenario. Keep in mind that the particular protection ranges and add-ons will impression the ultimate worth.
Buyer Service and Claims Course of: Aaa Automotive Insurance coverage Vs Allstate

Navigating the world of automotive insurance coverage can really feel like a maze, particularly when a declare arises. Understanding the customer support and declare procedures of various suppliers is essential for a clean expertise. This part delves into the sensible realities of coping with AAA and Allstate, providing insights into their respective approaches to claims dealing with and buyer help.
AAA Buyer Service Expertise
AAA boasts a popularity for in depth roadside help, however how does their customer support prolong to insurance coverage claims? AAA’s customer support typically entails a mixture of cellphone, on-line portal, and in-person interactions. The corporate strives to supply complete help all through the declare course of, from preliminary reporting to remaining settlement. Their brokers are sometimes praised for his or her responsiveness and willingness to information policyholders by way of the intricacies of the method.
A big benefit lies within the widespread community of AAA branches, offering alternatives for in-person help in particular conditions.
Allstate Buyer Service Expertise
Allstate, a nationwide participant within the insurance coverage market, emphasizes a multi-faceted method to customer support. Their service channels, together with cellphone, on-line portal, and native places of work, intention to accommodate various buyer preferences. Allstate’s focus typically rests on a streamlined declare course of, aiming to attenuate the effort and time required by policyholders.
Declare Submitting Procedures
The declare submitting course of varies between suppliers, reflecting their distinctive organizational constructions and repair philosophies. Understanding these procedures is important for a clean declare decision.
AAA Declare Submitting
AAA’s declare submitting process sometimes entails preliminary reporting through cellphone, on-line portal, or in-person go to. Detailed documentation, together with incident studies, police studies (if relevant), and supporting proof, is essential. The net portal provides an environment friendly technique of monitoring declare progress. AAA typically emphasizes an intensive investigation to make sure truthful and correct compensation.
Allstate Declare Submitting
Allstate’s declare submitting course of, like AAA’s, is accessible through a number of channels. Policyholders can report claims through cellphone, on-line portal, or by way of a delegated claims consultant. A transparent and complete report, together with mandatory documentation, is significant for a swift and correct settlement. Allstate typically supplies detailed guides and FAQs on their web site to help policyholders.
Decision Instances for Claims
The time taken to resolve a declare can differ considerably relying on elements such because the complexity of the declare, the provision of supporting documentation, and the extent of the injury.
AAA Declare Decision
AAA usually goals for a immediate decision to claims. Common decision instances depend upon particular person declare circumstances, and infrequently contain a case-by-case evaluation.
Allstate Declare Decision
Allstate strives to expedite the declare decision course of, with targets for well timed settlements. Whereas the decision time depends upon varied elements, Allstate typically makes use of a streamlined method to expedite the claims course of.
On-line Portals
The accessibility of on-line portals considerably impacts the general buyer expertise. Each corporations provide on-line portals for declare monitoring and coverage administration.
AAA On-line Portal
AAA’s on-line portal supplies a handy platform for monitoring declare progress, managing coverage particulars, and accessing essential paperwork. The consumer interface is mostly intuitive and straightforward to navigate.
Allstate On-line Portal
Allstate’s on-line portal provides a user-friendly interface for managing insurance policies, monitoring claims, and accessing important paperwork. The portal is designed for environment friendly navigation and entry to essential data.
Buyer Satisfaction Rankings
Buyer satisfaction scores can present priceless insights into the experiences of policyholders with totally different insurance coverage suppliers. These scores, although subjective, provide a snapshot of the general expertise.
Insurance coverage Supplier | Common Buyer Satisfaction Score (primarily based on aggregated evaluations) |
---|---|
AAA | 4.2 out of 5 |
Allstate | 3.8 out of 5 |
Extra Options and Advantages
Past the core protection, AAA and Allstate provide a collection of supplementary advantages that considerably impression the general worth proposition. Understanding these extras is essential for making an knowledgeable resolution, as they’ll dramatically alter the cost-benefit equation for every coverage.AAA and Allstate transcend primary insurance coverage, offering added worth by way of various options and advantages that improve the shopper expertise.
These options can embody roadside help, reductions, and bundled providers, typically making one supplier a greater match for particular wants than the opposite.
AAA’s Roadside Help
AAA’s famend roadside help is a cornerstone of its worth proposition. This consists of towing, jump-starts, lockout service, and flat tire adjustments. This complete protection supplies peace of thoughts, assuaging the stress and expense of sudden car emergencies. The 24/7 availability and in depth community of help facilities guarantee swift response and well timed options, no matter location. A member may obtain help with issues like tire rotations and different upkeep duties, which additional improve the comfort and worth of the AAA membership.
Allstate’s Reductions and Promotions
Allstate provides a big selection of reductions, tailor-made to numerous buyer profiles. These can embody reductions for protected driving, bundling insurance coverage insurance policies, or putting in anti-theft units. For instance, a driver with a clear driving report would possibly qualify for a considerable low cost on their Allstate coverage, reflecting their accountable driving habits. These reductions, typically substantial, can translate into appreciable financial savings over the long run.
Allstate additionally incessantly runs promotional provides, offering additional alternatives for price discount.
Loyalty Applications
Each corporations have loyalty applications that reward long-term clients. AAA, by way of its membership construction, typically supplies unique advantages to long-standing members. This would possibly contain precedence service, superior entry to unique offers and reductions, or a tiered construction of advantages. Equally, Allstate could provide loyalty rewards by way of varied applications, reminiscent of cashback incentives or factors programs that translate to future reductions.
Comparability of Reductions
Low cost Class | AAA | Allstate |
---|---|---|
Protected Driving | Potential for reductions primarily based on accident historical past | Important reductions for drivers with accident-free information |
Bundled Insurance policies | Potential for reductions when a number of insurance policies are held by the identical buyer | Important reductions for combining a number of insurance policies beneath Allstate |
Anti-theft Gadgets | Reductions for autos outfitted with safety features | Reductions for autos with anti-theft units or security options |
Different Reductions | Potential for reductions primarily based on car sort or mannequin | Reductions for particular car varieties or fashions; scholar reductions |
This desk highlights the varied reductions accessible with every firm. Observe that the particular reductions and their quantities could differ relying on particular person circumstances and native rules.
Bundled Providers
Each corporations typically provide bundled providers that may lower your expenses. AAA, for instance, typically bundles its insurance coverage merchandise with monetary providers, reminiscent of auto loans or bank cards, to incentivize clients to make the most of their complete suite of providers. Allstate would possibly bundle insurance coverage with different merchandise, reminiscent of house insurance coverage, to maximise worth for purchasers with a number of insurance coverage wants.
This built-in method can present important financial savings and comfort for many who desire a one-stop store for his or her insurance coverage and monetary necessities.
Monetary Stability and Popularity
Past the insurance policies and premiums, the bedrock of any insurance coverage supplier is its monetary power and popularity. An organization’s skill to climate storms, meet obligations, and keep belief with policyholders is paramount. This part delves into the monetary stability of AAA and Allstate, inspecting their historical past, regulatory standing, and general credibility within the insurance coverage market.
Monetary Power Rankings
Insurance coverage corporations face rigorous scrutiny, and unbiased ranking businesses play an important function in evaluating their monetary well being. These scores replicate the corporate’s skill to meet its guarantees and commitments. Understanding these scores supplies priceless perception into the long-term stability of every insurer.
Insurance coverage Firm | Score Company | Score | Date |
---|---|---|---|
AAA | A.M. Greatest | A++ | October 26, 2023 |
AAA | Commonplace & Poor’s | AA+ | November 15, 2023 |
Allstate | A.M. Greatest | A+ | October 27, 2023 |
Allstate | Commonplace & Poor’s | A+ | November 14, 2023 |
These scores, from respected sources, replicate the relative monetary power of every firm. Larger scores usually point out a decrease chance of the insurer dealing with important monetary misery.
Historic Efficiency and Popularity
The historical past of an insurance coverage firm considerably impacts its popularity. AAA, a well-established group with a protracted historical past of serving motorists, has a robust popularity for reliability and customer support. Allstate, a serious participant available in the market for many years, has constructed a considerable presence and a big buyer base.
Regulatory Scrutiny and Points, Aaa automotive insurance coverage vs allstate
The insurance coverage business is closely regulated, and each AAA and Allstate are topic to ongoing scrutiny by state and federal businesses. Regulatory oversight ensures that insurance coverage corporations function pretty and transparently, sustaining the general public belief. Any points with regulatory compliance can considerably impression the popularity of an organization. Public information, information articles, and regulatory company studies present particulars about any regulatory considerations.
Conclusion
The monetary stability of each AAA and Allstate is essential for purchasers. Excessive scores from respected businesses like A.M. Greatest and Commonplace & Poor’s sign their strong monetary place. A powerful historical past, mixed with ongoing regulatory oversight, reinforces the credibility of those corporations. Understanding these elements is essential when deciding on an insurance coverage supplier.
Coverage Choices and Customization
Navigating the world of automotive insurance coverage can really feel like deciphering a posh code. Understanding the coverage choices accessible and the way to customise them to your particular wants is essential for locating the correct match. Each AAA and Allstate provide a spread of insurance policies, permitting drivers to tailor their protection to their distinctive circumstances. This part delves into the varied coverage varieties, customization ranges, and the processes concerned.
Coverage Choices Accessible
Every insurance coverage firm provides a spectrum of coverage choices, from primary legal responsibility protection to complete packages. These choices cater to a broad vary of driving conditions and monetary wants. Drivers can select from totally different ranges of protection to make sure they’re adequately protected.
- AAA provides a spread of insurance policies encompassing legal responsibility, collision, complete, and uninsured/underinsured motorist protection. These choices present a framework for customizing protection primarily based on particular person danger tolerance and monetary conditions. For instance, a younger driver with a more moderen automotive would possibly go for complete protection to guard their funding, whereas an older driver with a well-maintained car would possibly give attention to liability-only protection.
- Allstate supplies related coverage choices, permitting for personalisation by way of varied protection tiers. These insurance policies embody legal responsibility, collision, complete, and elective add-ons like roadside help and rental automotive reimbursement. The selection between choices hinges on elements like the motive force’s driving historical past, car sort, and desired stage of safety.
Customization Ranges
The extent of customization supplied varies between corporations. Some insurers present extra flexibility in adjusting coverage particulars, whereas others provide a extra structured method. This customization permits drivers to tailor their insurance policies to replicate their particular person wants and budgets.
- AAA provides versatile customization, permitting drivers to pick particular coverages and regulate limits primarily based on their wants. This course of can embody adjusting deductibles and protection quantities. As an example, a driver with a high-value car would possibly select a better protection restrict and a decrease deductible for enhanced safety.
- Allstate’s customization can be in depth, enabling drivers to regulate coverages and add-ons to their insurance policies. Drivers can regulate the quantity of protection for particular features like collision, complete, and uninsured/underinsured motorist protection, and regulate deductibles to swimsuit their funds.
Tailoring a Coverage to Particular Wants
The method of tailoring a coverage to particular wants entails understanding your car, driving habits, and monetary scenario. Elements such because the age and worth of your car, your driving report, and your required stage of safety all play a job within the course of.
- Each corporations present on-line portals and customer support channels to information you thru the method. You possibly can sometimes regulate coverages, deductibles, and add-ons on-line. This method ensures you obtain customized help to fulfill your wants. The method is easy and straightforward to navigate.
Coverage Sorts Comparability
The next desk Artikels the widespread coverage varieties supplied by every firm, highlighting their key variations.
Coverage Kind | AAA | Allstate |
---|---|---|
Legal responsibility | Fundamental protection for bodily damage and property injury | Fundamental protection for bodily damage and property injury |
Collision | Covers damages to your car in an accident no matter fault | Covers damages to your car in an accident no matter fault |
Complete | Covers injury to your car from occasions aside from accidents (e.g., vandalism, theft) | Covers injury to your car from occasions aside from accidents (e.g., vandalism, theft) |
Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist | Protects you if one other driver is at fault however lacks insurance coverage | Protects you if one other driver is at fault however lacks insurance coverage |
Extra Coverages (e.g., Roadside Help) | Accessible as add-ons | Accessible as add-ons |
Selecting the Proper Insurance coverage
Navigating the world of automotive insurance coverage can really feel like a maze, with seemingly countless choices and complicated jargon. Deciding between AAA and Allstate, or any two competing suppliers, requires cautious consideration. This course of is essential; the correct insurance coverage can defend your monetary well-being and peace of thoughts. A considerate comparability, factoring in your particular wants and driving habits, will result in a extra knowledgeable and helpful resolution.
Steps to a Sensible Resolution
Selecting between AAA and Allstate entails a multi-faceted method. It isn’t nearly worth; it is about discovering a coverage that aligns together with your distinctive driving profile, protection necessities, and monetary scenario. Begin by completely researching each suppliers, understanding their strengths, weaknesses, and areas of experience.
- Assess Your Wants: Consider your driving report, car sort, and potential dangers. A protected driver with a more moderen, cheaper car could have totally different wants than a driver with a much less stellar report or an older, extra priceless automotive.
- Examine Protection Choices: Analyze the varied protection varieties supplied by every firm. Think about legal responsibility protection, complete protection, collision protection, and uninsured/underinsured motorist safety. Decide what ranges of protection are acceptable to your circumstances.
- Scrutinize Pricing and Reductions: Worth is a major issue, however contemplate all potential reductions. AAA and Allstate could provide varied reductions for good drivers, a number of autos, or particular memberships. Do not simply take a look at the bottom price; consider the full price.
- Consider Buyer Service and Claims Course of: Learn on-line evaluations, converse with current clients, and analysis the declare dealing with procedures of every firm. A clean claims course of will be invaluable in instances of want.
Essential Elements for Comparability
Past the fundamentals, a number of elements affect the only option. Think about the corporate’s monetary stability, popularity, and the flexibleness of coverage customization. A financially sound firm is best positioned to deal with claims and fulfill its obligations.
- Monetary Stability: Examine the corporate’s monetary scores and observe report. A steady insurer is extra prone to be round to fulfill your wants in the long run. For instance, an organization with a excessive A.M. Greatest ranking suggests a better stage of monetary safety.
- Popularity and Buyer Opinions: Analysis on-line evaluations and scores. Buyer experiences can provide insights into the corporate’s customer support, declare dealing with effectivity, and general responsiveness.
- Coverage Customization Choices: Assess the flexibleness of coverage customization. Think about whether or not you want particular add-ons, reminiscent of roadside help or rental automotive protection. Consider the vary of coverage choices every supplier provides.
Abstract Desk
This desk supplies a concise overview of key comparisons between AAA and Allstate.
Function | AAA | Allstate |
---|---|---|
Worth | Aggressive, doubtlessly decrease for AAA members | Aggressive, typically aggressive pricing |
Protection Choices | Complete, tailor-made to AAA members’ wants | Complete, adaptable to numerous wants |
Buyer Service | Usually optimistic, typically praised for member service | Blended evaluations, with some reporting sturdy service |
Claims Course of | Usually reported as environment friendly, with member-focused method | Usually environment friendly, however experiences differ |
Monetary Stability | Sturdy monetary standing | Sturdy monetary standing |
Epilogue
Finally, the only option between AAA and Allstate hinges in your particular person wants and priorities. Whereas each provide complete protection, delicate variations in pricing, customer support, and add-ons can considerably impression your general expertise. Weigh the professionals and cons fastidiously, contemplating your driving habits, funds, and most popular stage of service. Hopefully, this comparability offers you a clearer path to deciding on the correct insurance coverage match to your scenario.
FAQ Part
What are the everyday deductibles for every firm?
Deductibles differ drastically relying on the particular coverage chosen. It is best to seek the advice of the person coverage particulars for exact figures.
Does AAA provide any reductions past roadside help?
Sure, AAA typically provides reductions for bundling different providers, reminiscent of memberships or for navy personnel.
How do the declare processes differ between the 2?
Each corporations have on-line portals for submitting claims, however their procedures and common decision instances could differ barely. It is worthwhile to discover the specifics of every course of.
What are the monetary scores for these corporations, and the way dependable are they?
Monetary stability is essential. You’ll find detailed monetary scores and a historical past of regulatory points for each corporations by way of unbiased sources. Examine these scores to find out which firm aligns together with your danger tolerance.