a) Identify ONE way in which ethnic divisions affected the development of land-based empires in the period 1450–1750.

b) Identify ONE way in which ethnic divisions affected the development of maritime empires in the period 1450–1750.

c) Explain ONE similarity in the way that land-based and maritime empires adopted policies to accommodate the ethnic diversity of their populations in the period 1450–1750.

One way ethnic divisions affected the development of land-based empires in the period 1450-1750 was through "incessant rebellion against the government policies and administration."

This is evident in land-based empires such as Ottoman Empire, where more than ten major rebellions occurred during this period.

One way ethnic divisions affected the development of maritime empires in the period 1450–1750 was through "difficulty in managing the empire."

This is evident in the French maritime empire of Indochina when different ethnic groups such as Vietnamese, Lao, and Khmer ethnic groups were proved difficult to be managed.

One similarity in how land-based and maritime empires adopted policies to accommodate the ethnic diversity of their populations in the period 1450–1750 was through "the establishment of colonies or posts where the leaders were picked among the different ethnic groups to represent the empire in ruling directly over the populations of different ethnic groups."

Hence, in this case, it is concluded that there are differences and similarities in both land-based empires and maritime empires.

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