Answer:
defer and/or reduce
ordinary income; Passive Income Portfolio, or, Investment income
Explanation:
Tax planning is a measure to control the tax liability in a legal and effective manner, which does not lead to any misconduct and also ensures that the person in concern have to pay the least tax possible.
As per US Internal Revenue Code, ordinary income is the income which is charged to tax at ordinary rates, that is income other than the capital gains, as capital gains are chargeable at some specified rates.
Investment incomes are income earned through investments, these days to reduce the tax burden many investments which provide exemption or deduction in tax liability, because of investment in that security, or the income earned through that investment is exempt or deducted from gross total income. Therefore, investment and savings are closely related to the tax planning.