Answer:
Correct answer is Balkanization.
Explanation:
First option is correct as it mostly refers to the fragmentation, that has happened in the Balkan Peninsula during the period when Ottoman Empire was disappearing.
Second option is not correct as democratization is seen as a positive policy of introduction of some good values.
Third option is not correct as it refer to Soviet political reformation.
Fourth is also not correct as it refers to American policy towards Soviet Union during Cold War.
Last option is not correct as Subnationalism is often connected with democracy.
